What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most
common childhood brain disorders and can continue through adolescence
and adulthood. Symptoms include difficulty staying focused and paying
attention, difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity
(over-activity). These symptoms can make it difficult for a child with
ADHD to succeed in school, get along with other children or adults, or
finish tasks at home.
What are the symptoms of ADHD in children?
Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are the key behaviors of
ADHD. It is normal for all children to be inattentive, hyperactive, or
impulsive sometimes, but for children with ADHD, these behaviors are
more severe and occur more often.
What causes ADHD?
Scientists are not sure what causes ADHD, although many studies suggest
that genes play a large role. Like many other illnesses, ADHD probably
results from a combination of factors. In addition to genetics,
researchers are looking at possible environmental factors, and are
studying how brain injuries, nutrition, and the social environment might
contribute to ADHD.
How is ADHD treated?
Currently available treatments aim at reducing the symptoms of ADHD and
improving functioning. Treatments include medication, various types of
psychotherapy, education and training, or a combination of treatments.
Medications
Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines are the most common type of medication used for treating ADHD. Although it may seem counterintuitive to treat hyperactivity with a stimulant, these medications actually activate brain circuits that support attention and focused behavior, thus reducing hyperactivity. In addition, a few non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine, are also available. For many children, ADHD medications reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity and improve their ability to focus, work, and learn. Medications also may improve physical coordination.
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