tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17806640716442618892024-03-10T04:45:42.940+02:00The Amazing MedicineExtraordinary Medical Knowledgemotazhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02277268231336580801noreply@blogger.comBlogger190125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-35874991900143998002015-07-30T18:06:00.002+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.858+02:00CANCER (the fatal disease)<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Cancer</b> </div>
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What is cancer and what causes it?<br />
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Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer.<br />
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Is cancer a virus or a disease?<br />
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Some viruses and bacteria are linked to certain cancers. For example, people with persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus or the hepatitis C virus have an increased risk of developing cancer of the liver. Another example is the link between the human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer.<br />
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Types<br />
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Symptoms<br />
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Treatment<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #565454; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 25.9599990844727px;">Treatment Types</span><br />
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Find out what you need to know about the most common types of cancer treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and many others. </div>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/Surgery/index" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(148, 178, 220); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3067b3; font-size: 18.2340278625488px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Surgery</a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.8151473999023px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">Surgery can be used to diagnose, treat, or even help prevent cancer in some cases. Most people with cancer will have some type of surgery. It often offers the greatest chance for cure, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.8151473999023px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">especially if the cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.</span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/Chemotherapy/index" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(148, 178, 220); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3067b3; font-size: 18.2340278625488px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Chemotherapy</a></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14.8151473999023px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">Chemotherapy (chemo) is the use of medicines or drugs to treat cancer. The thought of having chemotherapy frightens many people. But knowing what chemotherapy is, how it works, and what to expect can often help calm your fears. It can also give you a better sense of control over your cancer treatment</span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/Radiation/index" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(148, 178, 220); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3067b3; font-size: 18.2340278625488px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Radiation Therapy</a></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14.8151473999023px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells. It is one of the most common treatments for cancer, either by itself or along with other forms of treatment. Learn more about radiation therapy in this sectioncancer</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">.</span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/TargetedTherapy/index" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(148, 178, 220); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3067b3; font-size: 18.2340278625488px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Targeted Therapy</a></h3>
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<span style="color: #454b54; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">Targeted therapy is a newer type of cancer treatment that uses drugs or other substances to more precisely identify and attack cancer cells, usually while doing little damage to normal cells. Targeted therapy is a growing part of many cancer treatment regimens.</span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/hyperthermia" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(148, 178, 220); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3067b3; font-size: 18.2340278625488px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hyperthermia</a></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14.8151473999023px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">The idea of using heat to treat cancer has been around for some time, but early attempts had mixed results. Today, newer tools allow more precise delivery of heat, and hyperthermia is being studied for use against many types of cancer.</span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/photodynamic-therapy" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(148, 178, 220); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3067b3; font-size: 18.2340278625488px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Photodynamic Therapy</a></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14.8151473999023px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">Photodynamic therapy or PDT is a treatment that uses special drugs, called photosensitizing agents, along with light to kill cancer cells. The drugs only work after they have been activated or "turned on" by certain kinds of light.</span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/lasers-in-cancer-treatment" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(148, 178, 220); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3067b3; font-size: 18.2340278625488px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Lasers in Cancer Treatment</a></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14.8151473999023px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">Lasers, which are very powerful, precise beams of light, can be used instead of blades (scalpels) for very careful surgical work, including treating some cancers</span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/BloodProductDonationandTransfusion/index" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(148, 178, 220); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3067b3; font-size: 18.2340278625488px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Blood Product Donation and Transfusion</a></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14.8151473999023px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">Transfusions of blood and blood products temporarily replace parts of the blood when a person's body can't make its own or has lost them from bleeding. Here, we describe blood and its components and why they are important.</span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/BoneMarrowandPeripheralBloodStemCellTransplant/index" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(148, 178, 220); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3067b3; font-size: 18.2340278625488px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: rgb(51, 51, 51) dotted 1px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Stem Cell Transplant (Peripheral Blood, Bone Marrow, and Cord Blood Transplants</a></h3>
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<a href="http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/TreatmentTypes/Immunotherapy/index" style="background: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgb(148, 178, 220); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #3067b3; font-size: 18.2340278625488px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Immunotherapy</a></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14.8151473999023px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">Immunotherapy is treatment that uses your body's own immune system to help fight cancer</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 14.8151473999023px; line-height: 22.8153266906738px;">Preventation </span></div>
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How many cancers could be prevented?</h2>
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In the UK, more than 1 in 2 people will develop cancer at some point in their lives. Every year, more than 331,000 people are diagnosed with the disease. But experts estimate that <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">more than 4 in 10 cancer cases could be prevented by lifestyle changes</strong>, such as:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/smoking-and-cancer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c5c99;">not smoking</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/bodyweight-and-cancer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c5c99;">keeping a healthy bodyweight</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/alcohol-and-cancer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c5c99;">cutting back on alcohol</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/diet-and-cancer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c5c99;">eating a healthy, balanced diet</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/physical-activity-and-cancer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c5c99;">keeping active</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/infections-hpv-and-cancer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c5c99;">avoiding certain infections (such as HPV)</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/sun-uv-and-cancer" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c5c99;">enjoying the sun safely</a></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-risks-in-the-workplace" style="background: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #6c5c99;">occupation (avoiding cancer risks in the workplace)</a></li>
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Surveys of the population have shown that people aren’t necessarily aware that all of these things are linked to cancer. For example, the Cancer Research UK funded Perceptions of Risk Survey in 2008 found that only 3% of the people polled knew that being overweight or obese could increase their risk of cancer.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02234681750867436963noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-6184065024149343162014-05-17T11:29:00.001+03:002016-04-23T21:41:03.899+02:00How to Improve Your Memory While Studying<p dir="ltr"><br>
Kara doesn't much like American history, and she's put off studying for the final exam on Friday. On Thursday night, she stays up and reads over each chapter from beginning to end. But when she sits down to take the test the next day, she can't seem to remember a thing that she read. What happened?</p>
<p dir="ltr">Kara went about studying for the test in the wrong way. Simply sitting down the night before and reading through the entire chapter, without questioning, commenting, or categorizing, with the vague hope that she'd remember what she read, is pretty much like throwing a batch of file cards into a box and hoping to remember what's on them later.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Unfortunately, Kara's study methods are pretty common among students. Studying for a test just by reading over the information one time will give you a retention rate of only about 20 percent, no matter how smart you are.<br>
Fortunately, by learning some simple retention strategies, you can boost your recall to more than 80 percent. Memory strategies can help you learn spelling, vocabulary, a foreign language, names of historical figures, states and capitals, scientific terms, cities and primary products, U.S. presidents, foreign kings, basic math -- just about everything a person needs to learn in school or on the job.</p>
<p dir="ltr">There are three main ways to boost your memory of basic facts:<br>
by practicing active recall during learning<br>
by periodic reviews of the material<br>
by overlearning the material beyond the point of bare mastery<br>
Involve Yourself in Reading!Instead of just reading, you need to read and think about what you're reading. Here are some suggestions for doing just that:</p>
<p dir="ltr">Think of questions for yourself before, during, and after the reading session.<br>
Ask yourself what is happening next, why it's happening, and what would happen if one event or fact was different.<br>
Note what interests you. Take a moment to make a mental comment out loud.<br>
Train yourself to summarize, a section at a time. What are the main points in the text you just read? What are the logical conclusions?<br>
Visualize as You ReadTry to imagine yourself in the place you're reading about, or try to imagine yourself doing what you're studying. Include yourself in images that you build in your mind. If you're reading about the Civil War, picture yourself on the battlefield. Why are you there? What is the enemy doing, and why? The better you can put yourself into a scene, the better you'll remember what you are reading.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Of course, it's much easier to visualize yourself in a battle than it is to link yourself to the major exports of Peru. Instead of just trying to visualize "wool, wheat, and corn," imagine you're a Peruvian farmer raising sheep and growing wheat and corn. This will work with just about anything, except perhaps for numbers and dates.<br>
Take a Note!Taking notes won't help you if you scribble down the words in class without thinking about what you're writing, which is unfortunately the way too many students take notes.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The best way to take notes in class:<br>
Take them carefully while thinking about their content.<br>
Review them as you write.<br>
Summarize whenever possible. Isolate what's important and discard the rest while you're writing.<br>
Don't take down every word your teacher says.</p>
<p dir="ltr">PQRST MethodOne of the most popular techniques for remembering written material is the PQRST method: Preview, Question, Read, State, and Test. Memory experts think this works better than simple rehearsal because it provides you with better retrieval cues.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Preview. Skim through the material briefly. Read the preface, table of contents, and chapter summaries. Preview a chapter by studying the outline and skimming the chapter (especially headings, photographs, and charts). The object is to get an overview of the book or chapter (this shouldn't take more than a few minutes).</p>
<p dir="ltr">Question. Ask important questions about the information you're reading. If the chapter includes review questions at the end, read them before you begin reading the chapter and try to keep them in mind as you go. What are the main points in the text? How does the action occur? Read over the paragraph headings and ask yourself questions about them.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Read. Now read the material completely, without taking notes. Underlining text can help you remember the information, provided you do it properly. The first time you read a chapter, don't underline anything (it's hard to pick out the main points the first time through). Most people tend to underline way too many things, which isn't helpful when you want to be able to go back later and review important points. Instead, read over one section and then go back and, as you work your way through each paragraph, underline the important points. Think about the points you're underlining.</p>
<p dir="ltr">State. State the answers to key questions out loud. Reread the chapter and ask yourself questions and answer them out loud. Read what you've underlined out loud, and think about what you're saying. You should spend about half your studying time stating information out loud.<br>
Test. Test yourself to make sure you remembered the information. Go through the chapter again and ask questions. Space out your self-testing so you're doing it during a study session, after a study session, and right before a test. If you'd like, enlist the help of a friend to quiz you.<br>
Make the Most of StudyingWhen you study is almost as important as how you study. It's better to schedule several shorter study sessions rather than one marathon all-nighter. This is probably because you can only concentrate for a certain period of time. If you try to study in one long session, you won't be able to maintain your concentration throughout. Breaks help you consolidate what you've learned.<br>
On the other hand, you can overdo the short sessions as well -- scheduling too many short study sessions can be worse than cramming all of your studying into one marathon session. The trick is to determine the optimum length of a study session and how many sessions work best for you and for the material. Research suggests that difficult information or inexperienced students require shorter sessions for best results. If you have several subjects to study, it's better to separate them and spread them out over several days. You should also vary your learning methods: Take notes one day, make an outline the next, recite information out loud during the third study session.</p>
<p dir="ltr">You'll also want to avoid interference when you study. If you're boning up for a math test, don't close the math book and then read magazines, watch TV, and listen to music before going to bed. Study, then go to bed, so nothing else can interfere with what you've learned. Studies have also shown that sleeping between studying and testing is the best way to do well on a test. A person who sleeps right after studying will remember more than someone who stays awake.</p>
<p dir="ltr">It's also true that other activities between studying and the test will influence how well you remember. If you've spent several hours studying French, you shouldn't then study Latin before going to bed. In fact, if you have two very similar subjects to study, it's best not to study them in the same location.</p>
<p dir="ltr">First-Letter Cuing (Acronyms)The use of the first letter of a word as a cue to remembering the word itself can be helpful in remembering material. This cueing usually employs acronyms -- making a word out of the first letters of the words to be remembered. For example, it's possible to remember the Great Lakes using the acronym HOMES (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). Another related type of first-letter cueing is the acrostic, discussed previously, in which the first letters in a series of words form a word or phrase. For example, names of the strings of the viola (CGDA) can be remembered by the acrostic: Cats Go Down Alleys.</p>
<p dir="ltr">Because the acronym system is so effective, most organizations and governmental bodies make use of first-letter cueing: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or AA (Alcoholics Anonymous). Some acronyms are so well known that the original full name has been all but forgotten, as in "scuba" (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) gear.</p>
<p dir="ltr">The only problem with first-letter cueing is the propensity to forget what the strategy has been used for. Therefore, it's a good idea to make the association remind you of the information to be remembered. Imagine HOMES floating on the Great Lakes, so that when you want to think of the names of all the lakes, the image of HOMES will return to you and with it, the first letter of each of the lakes.<br>
Peg and LinkBoth the peg and linking systems that we discussed earlier also work well with studying school subjects. Review those methods and try practicing with them, especially for rote learning and memorization (such as a list of U.S. Presidents or the amendments to the Constitution).</p>
<p dir="ltr">http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/nervous-system/how-to-improve-your-memory10.htm</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLN745sMVAQcEhiMijyxWNyEARAAOpXRbnVe5VE0bPL-iZbcBNIrRd6_UEwRNemUR4hZpAuZ0a8MdxcFzYyQ36Rye-QT3KehtQGjTBKglIFcdVo-JVXx6GhYatF-X-ZzMpN20ZI34Dq-Y/s1600/how-to-increase-the-memory.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLN745sMVAQcEhiMijyxWNyEARAAOpXRbnVe5VE0bPL-iZbcBNIrRd6_UEwRNemUR4hZpAuZ0a8MdxcFzYyQ36Rye-QT3KehtQGjTBKglIFcdVo-JVXx6GhYatF-X-ZzMpN20ZI34Dq-Y/s640/how-to-increase-the-memory.png"> </a> </div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02234681750867436963noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-81586610066057372692014-05-09T19:14:00.001+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.930+02:00THE HEALTH BENEFITS OF STRAWBERRIES<div dir="ltr">
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The health benefits of strawberries include improved eye care, proper brain function, relief from high blood pressure, arthritis, gout and various cardiovascular diseases. The impressive polyphenolic and antioxidant content of strawberries make them good for improving the immune system, preventing against various types of cancers, and for reducing the signs of premature aging.</div>
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Introduction to Strawberries</div>
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These berries, with their tempting looks and spectacular taste, secured their place in the list of favorite fruits a long time ago. Strawberries have the common scientific name of Fragaria, but there are different suffixes for different varieties, such as Fragaria Vesca for wild strawberry, and Fragaria Orientalis for Eastern Strawberries, among others. Strawberries grow in bushes and are one of the most delicious seasonal fruits that also boost your health.</div>
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Strawberries are often associated as a European fruit, and to some degree, they are. They were used back in Roman times, and were first cultivated as a garden fruit in France in the 18th Century. However, they were also present in South American cultures much earlier, but since there was also a source of strawberries in Europe, it is usually thought of as being native to that region.</div>
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Strawberries are extensively used in food, including in ice creams, jams, jellies, squashes, syrups, confections, baked goods, chocolates and even in medicines for their extraordinarily rich flavor, taste and color. They can also be consumed fresh. We know that all fruits, particularly berries and those with exotic colors, are rich in antioxidants, which means that they are huge boosters to your health and the protection of your organs from toxic attacks.</div>
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Nutritional Facts of Strawberries</div>
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Strawberries are no exception to this rule; in addition to antioxidants, they have many other nutrients, vitamins, and minerals that contribute to overall health. These include folate, potassium, manganese, dietary fiber, and magnesium. It is also extremely high in vitamin C! Together, these components are responsible for the overwhelming health benefits of strawberries. Let’s explore them in more detail in the section below.</div>
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Health Benefits of Strawberries</div>
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Let’s explore a bit more about these potential health benefits of strawberries in the more detailed explanations below.</div>
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Eye Care: The primary reasons for almost all problems related to the eyes are free radicals or a deficiency of certain nutrients. With increased age and a lack of these protective nutrients, the harmful oxidants or free radicals can cause heavy damage on our eyes, such as excessively dry eyes, degeneration of the optical nerves, macular degeneration, vision defects and increased susceptibility to infections as well.</div>
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Antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenolic phytochemicals, and elagic acid, all of which are present in strawberries, can help to avoid these situations to a large extent. One more condition strawberries can fix is is ocular pressure, meaning the pressure within the eyes. Any disturbance in this pressure can be very harmful for the eyes. Strawberries are helpful because they contain potassium, which helps to maintain the correct pressure.</div>
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Immune System: The immune system is our body’s first line of defense against infections, microbial action, and a wide variety of other potentially damaging and dangerous conditions that can affect our body. Vitamin C is a huge booster for the immune system and has long been known as a helpful cure for common colds and coughs, along with its impact on any other infections as well. Vitamin C also stimulates the activity of white blood cells, the body’s first line of defense against toxins and foreign bodies. Vitamin C is also an antioxidant, which means that it neutralizes free radicals, the harmful byproducts of cellular metabolism that are constantly created in our body. These free radicals are responsible for mutating the DNA of healthy cells into sick or cancerous cells, and are subsequently responsible for a number of diseases, including heart disease and various cancers. A single serving of strawberries has approximately 150% of your daily requirement of vitamin-C!</div>
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Arthritis and Gout: The degeneration of muscles and tissues, the drying up of the fluid which helps increase mobility of the joints, and the accumulation of toxic substances and acids (such as uric acid) in the body are some of the ill effects of free radicals. These are the primary causes of arthritis and gout, two extremely irritating and debilitating conditions.</div>
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Strawberries, with their impressive content of antioxidants and detoxifiers, can effectively help eliminate such health hazards forever. It is a famous saying in India that a serving of any fruit every day will remove the “rust” from the joints. This old adage is definitely true for strawberries, since it does have very powerful anti-inflammatory abilities to ease the inflammation and associated pain from these types of conditions.</div>
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Cancer: Vitamin-C, folate, anthocyanins, quercetin and kaempferol are just a few of the many flavonoids in strawberries which possess excellent antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Together, they form an excellent line of defense to fight cancer and tumor growth. The daily intake of strawberries is connected to a drastic reduction in the presence and metastasis of hazardous cancer cells.</div>
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Brain Function: Unfortunately, it is very common for old people to begin losing their memory and control over certain activities, muscles, and limbs. This is due to either the natural or premature aging of their brain and nervous system. Actually, free radicals are the agents responsible for signs of aging because they have an adverse effect on both of these systems. Due to the activity of free radicals, the brain tissues start degenerating and the nerves become weaker. Luckily, strawberries can help you avoid these untimely conditions in life.</div>
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The vitamin-C and the phytochemicals in strawberries neutralize the effects of these oxidants and rejuvenate the system. Furthermore, strawberries are rich in iodine as well, which is very helpful for regulating the proper functioning of the brain and nervous system. Potassium, which is found in significant quantities in strawberries, also has been linked to improved cognitive function by increasing the blood flow to the brain. Research studies on students have shown that when potassium levels of high, concentration, memory, and recall abilities seem to be strengthened in test-taking. There is a good reason why bananas and strawberries are considered “brain food”!</div>
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High Blood Pressure: Strawberries are rich in potassium and magnesium content, both of which are effective in lowering high blood pressure caused by sodium and various other risk factors. Potassium is a vasodilator, meaning that it reduces hypertension and the rigidity of arteries and blood vessels, thereby lowering blood pressure, easing the flow of blood to various parts of the body, thereby oxygenating them and keeping them functioning at their full potential.</div>
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Heart Disease: High fiber content, folate, no fats, and high levels of antioxidants such as vitamin-C and those phytochemicals form an ideal cardiac health pack, as they effectively reduce cholesterol in the arteries and vessels. Some members of the vitamin-B family present in strawberries also strengthen the cardiac muscles and lead to better functioning of the heart.</div>
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Other Benefits: Folate is known to protect from birth defects. Phytonutrients also have anti-inflammatory properties.</div>
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Perhaps most importantly, strawberries and all of the associated foods that contain strawberries are delicious as well. Next time you are looking for something sweet, bite into some juicy strawberries and enjoy the benefits they have in store for you!</div>
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http://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/fruit/strawberries.html</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02234681750867436963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-57618318965314731382014-03-19T00:00:00.000+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.894+02:00Blood Alchol Content<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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As blood passes through the arteries in the lungs,an equilibrium is established between the alcohol in one's blood and the alcohol in one's breath. So if the concentration of one is known, the concentration of the other can be estimated. The test that law enforcement agencies use to approximate a person's blood alcohol level is based on the oxidation of breath ethanol. The test employs a sealed glass tube that contains the oxidizing agent ( sodium dichromate dissolved in sulfuric acid ) impregnated onto an inert material. The ends of the tube are broken off, and one end of the tube is attracted to a mouthpiece and the other to a balloon-type bag. The person undergoing the test blows into the mouthpiece until the bag is filled with air.</div>
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Any ethanol in the breath is oxidized as it passes through the column. When ethanol is oxidized, the red-orange dichromate ion is reduced to green chromic ion .</div>
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Thr greater the concentration of alcohol in the breath, the farther the green color spreads through the tube.</div>
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If the person fails this test determined by the extent to which the green color spreads through the tube a more accurate Breathalyzer test is administered. The Breathalyzer test also depends on the oxidation of breath ethanol, but it provides more accurate results because it is quatitative . In the test , a known volume of breath is bubbled through an acidic solution of sodium dichromate, and the concentration of the green chromic ion is measured precisely with a spectrophotometer.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02234681750867436963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-56079808387427878032014-02-22T20:30:00.003+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.892+02:00Blood Pressure<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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Blood pressure (BP), sometimes referred to as arterial blood pressure, is the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. When used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the arterial pressure of the systemic circulation. During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart. Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles. Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.</div>
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Blood pressure without further specification usually refers to the systemic arterial pressure measured at a person's upper arm and is a measure of the pressure in the brachial artery, the major artery in the upper arm. A person’s blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure over diastolic pressure and is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), for example 120/80. It is also expressed as the amount over normal atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg), so a blood pressure of 120 mmHg would actually be 880 mmHg of true pressure.</div>
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Blood pressure varies in healthy people and animals, but its variation is under control by the nervous and endocrine systems. Blood pressure that is pathologically low is called hypotension, and that which is pathologically high is hypertension. Both have many causes and can range from mild to severe.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02234681750867436963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-11149831456364877482014-02-17T18:32:00.000+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.822+02:00Anesthetics<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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Because diethyl ether ( commonly known simply as ether ) is a short-lived muscle relaxant, it has been widely used as an inhalation anesthetic. However, because it takes effect slowly and has a slow and unpleasant recovery period, other compounds, such as enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane, have replaced ether as an anesthetic. Diethyl ether is still used where there is a lack of trained anesthesiologists, because it is the safest anesthetic to administer by untrained hands. Anesthetics interact with the nonpolar molecules of cell membranes, causing the membranes to swell, which interferes with their permeability.</div>
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sodium pentothal ( also called thiopental sodium ) is commonly used as aintravenous anesthetic. The onset of anesthesia and the loss of consciousness occur within seconds of its administration. Care must be taken when administrating sodium pentothal because the dose for effective anesthesia is 75% of the lethal dose. Because of its toxicity, it cannot be used as fore an inhalation anesthetic is administered. Propofol is an anesthetic that has all the properties of the "perfect anesthetic ": It can be used as the sole anesthetic by intravenous drip, it has a rapid and pleasant induction period and a wide margin of safety, and recovery from the drug also is rapid and pleasant.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02234681750867436963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-28608888134699530492014-02-14T01:54:00.000+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.847+02:00Lead Compound<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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The goal of the medicinal chemist is to find compounds that have potent effects on given diseases with minimum side effects. In other words, a drug must react selectively with its target and have minimal negative effects. A drug must get to the right place in the body, at the right concentration, and at the right time. Therefore, a drug must have the appropriate solubility to allow it to be transported to the target cell. If it is taken orally, the drug must be insensitive to the acid conditions of the stomach, and it also must resist enzymatic degradation by the liver before it reaches its target. Finally, it must eventually be either excreted as is or degraded to harmless compounds that can be excreted.</div>
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Medicinal agents used by humans since ancient Times provided the starting point for the development of our current arsenal of drugs . The active ingredients were isolated from herbs , berries, roots, and bark used in traditional medicine. Foxglove, for instance, furnished digitoxin, a cardiac stimulant. The bark of the cinchona tree yielded quinine for relief from malaria. Willow bark contains salicylates used to control fever and pain. The sticky juice of the oriental opium poppy provided morphine for severe pain and codeine for the control of a couch. By 1882, more than 50 different herbs were commonly used to make medicines. Many of these herbs wrere grown in the gardens of religious establishments that treated the sick.<br />
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Scientists still search the world for plants and berries and the oceans for flora and fauna that might yield new medicinal compounds . Taxol, a compound isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, is a relatively recently recognized anticancer agent.<br />
Once a naturally occurring drug is isolated and its structure determined, it can serve as a prototype in a search for other biologically active compounds . The prototype is called a lead compound ( i.e., a compound that plays a leading role in the search ). Analogs of the lead compound are synthesized in order to find one that might have improved therapeutic properties or fewer side effects. The analog may have a different substituent than the lead compound , a branched chain instead of a straight chain , or a different ring system. Changing the structure of the lead compound is called molecular modification.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02234681750867436963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-89347462525505769902014-02-09T12:21:00.001+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.932+02:00Vitamin B1<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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Christiaan Eijkman (1858-1930) was a member of a medical team that was sent to the East Indies to study beriberi in 1886. At that time , all diseases are thought to be caused by microorganisms. When microorganisms that caused beriberi could not be found, the team left the East Indies .<br />
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Eijkman stayed behind to become the director of a new bacteriological laboratory. In 1896, Eijkman accidentally discovered the cause of beriberi when he noticed that the chickens used in the laboratory had developed symptoms characteristic of the disease. He found that the symptoms had developed when a cook had started feeding the chickens rice meant for hospital patients. The symptoms disappeared when a new cook resumed feeding chicken feed to the chickens.<br />
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Later it was recognized that thiamine ( vitamin B1) is present in rice hulls but not in polished rice. For this work, Eijkman shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Frederick Hopkins.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02234681750867436963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-32920258281825868982014-02-08T18:07:00.000+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.855+02:00VITAMIN C<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
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Vitamin C is an antioxidant because it prevents oxidation reactions by radicals. We have seen that vitamin C traps radicals formed in aqueous environments. Not all the physiological functions of vitamin C are known. What is known, though, is that vitamin C is required for the synthesis of collagen, which is the structural protein of skin , tendons, connective tissue, and bone. If vitamin C is not present in the diet ( it is abundant in citrus fruits and tomatoes ), lesions appear on the skin , severe bleeding occurs about the gums , in the joints, and under the skin , and wounds heal slowly. The disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C is known as <i>scurvy. British sailors who shipped out to sea after the late 1700s were required to eat limes to prevent scurvy. This is how they came to be called "limeys" . Scurvy was the first disease to be treated by adjusting the diet. Scorbutus is Latin for "scurvy" ; ascorbic, therefore, means"no scurvy".</i></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02234681750867436963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-4606243266072823382014-02-06T23:21:00.001+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.870+02:00Plastic Polymers and Food Safety<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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When plastics are recycled, the various types must be separated from one another. To aid in the separation, many states require manufacturers to include a recycling symbol on their products to indicate the type of plastic. </div>
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You are probably familiar with these symbols, wich are found on the bottom of plastic containers. The symbols consist of three arrows around one of seven numbers; an abbreviation below the symbol indicates the type of polymer from wich the container is made. </div>
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The lower the number in the middle of the symbol,the greater is the ease with wich the material can be recycled: 1 (PET) stands for poly ( ethylene terephthalate), 2(HDPE) for high-density polyethylene, 3(V) for poly ( vinyl chloride ), 4 (LDPE) for low-density polyethylene, 5 (PP) for polypropylene, 6 (PS) for polystyrene, and 7 for all other plastics.</div>
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Plastic Container Symbols for Food Grade Plastics</div>
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<strong style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.639999389648438px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">Types of Plastics and Food Safety By Plastic Number</strong></div>
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Please reference Graphics for Quick View of Numbers to look for embedded into plastic products to help determine their safety.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. PETE:</strong> Polyethylene terephthalate ethylene, used forsoft drink, juice, water, detergent, cleaner and peanutbutter containers.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. HDPE:</strong> High density polyethylene, used in opaque plastic milk and water jugs, bleach, detergent and shampoo bottles, and some plastic bags.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. PVC or V:</strong> Polyvinyl chloride, used for cling wrap, plastic squeeze bottles, cooking oil and peanut butter containers, and detergent and window cleaner bottles.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. LDPE:</strong> Low density polyethylene, used in grocery store bags, most plastic wraps, Ziplock bags and some bottles.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. PP:</strong> Polypropylene, used in most Rubbermaid, deli soup, syrup and yogurt containers, straws and other clouded plastic containers, including baby bottles.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. PS:</strong> Polystyrene, used in styrofoam food trays, egg cartons, disposable cups and bowls, carry-out containers and opaque plastic cutlery.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">7. Other:</strong> This is a catch-all category for plastics that don’t fit into the #1-6 categories. It includes polycarbonate, bio-based plastics, co-polyester, acrylic, polyamide and plastic mixtures like styrene-acrylonitrile resin (SAN). Number 7 plastics are used for a variety of products like baby bottles and “sippy” cups, baby food jars, 5-gallon water bottles, “sport” water bottles, plastic dinnerware and clear plastic cutlery.</div>
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What to look for on Plastic Containers</div>
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<b>Here are some things to keep in mind when using the microwave:</b></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Most takeout containers, water bottles, and plastic tubs or jars made to hold margarine, yogurt, whipped topping, and foods such as cream cheese, mayonnaise, and mustard are not microwave-safe.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Microwavable takeout dinner trays are formulated for one-time use only and will say so on the package.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Don’t microwave plastic storage bags or plastic bags from the grocery store.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Before microwaving food, be sure to vent the container: Leave the lid ajar, or lift the edge of the cover.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Don’t allow plastic wrap to touch food during microwaving because it may melt. Wax paper, kitchen parchment paper, or white paper towels are alternatives.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #4c4c4c; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px 0px 2px 10px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">If you’re concerned about plastic wraps or containers in the microwave, transfer food to glass or ceramic containers labeled for microwave oven use.</li>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source: <a href="http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/update0706a.shtml" style="border: 0px; color: #5d5578; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Harvard Health Publications</a></span></div>
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<b>Our homes are full of plastic, and the kitchen is no exception. The problem: Chemicals in plastic containers and other kitchenware may leach into the foods or drinks that they’re holding. Scientific evidence suggests that some of these chemicals may be harmful to people, especially infants and children.</b></div>
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The two best-studied offenders are bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates. BPA mimics estrogen and has been shown to disrupt hormone and reproductive system function in animals. Research by the National Toxicology Program found a moderate level of concern about its “effects on the brain, behavior and prostate gland in fetuses, infants and children.” Phthalates have been shown to disrupt the endocrine system and have led to malformations in the male reproductive system in animals. Studies in humans have found associations between high phthalate exposure and a variety of health concerns including low sperm quality, high waist circumference and insulin resistance.</div>
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Researchers are still debating whether phthalates and BPA actually cause these health problems and, if so, how much exposure is necessary to trigger them. While these issues are being figured out, some experts recommend taking a preventive approach: “Minimize contact of food with problematic plastics as a precautionary measure to protect your health,” suggests Rolf Halden, PhD, adjunct associate professor of environmental health sciences at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Here are six simple tips for reducing your exposure to the potentially harmful chemicals in plastics.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Know the code.</strong> Look on the bottom of your plastic to find the recycling symbol (a number between 1 and 7 enclosed in a triangle of arrows). The code indicates the type of plastic you are using and can give you important clues about safety. “We generally say 1, 2, 4 and 5 are considered to be the safest,” says Sonya Lunder, senior analyst at the Environmental Working Group. Try to avoid using plastics with 3 or 6, as these leach chemicals that may be harmful. Number 7 is an “other” category that includes BPA-containing plastics called polycarbonates. These plastics, which you should avoid, will have the letters PC printed underneath the 7.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Reconsider the microwave.</strong> Heat can increase the rate at which chemicals like BPA leach from plastic. Containers labeled “microwave safe” have been tested by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and found to leach extremely small amounts, which the FDA has determined to be safe. However, some experts advise people to keep plastic out of the microwave altogether. “I don’t microwave anything in plastic,” says Lunder. “It’s really easy and fast to put my food into a ceramic or glass container and heat it that way.” And never put plastic wrap on top of your food in the microwave, since it can melt. Use wax paper or a paper towel instead.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Use it for its intended purpose.</strong> Plastics that are designed for single use should only be used once. “Plastic breaks down over time,” Lunder explains. “Some aren’t designed to withstand heating and cooling.” Most plastics with recycling code number 1 are intended for single use, such as disposable water bottles. And that takeout container from six months ago? Toss it. In general they’re fine for refrigerating leftovers, but aren’t designed for heat exposure or long-term use.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. Wash by hand.</strong> Only put plastics into the dishwasher if they have a dishwasher safe label. If you want to be extra-cautious, wash all plastics by hand or use only glass and ceramic plates and dishes. In the dishwasher, plastics are exposed to detergents and heat, which may accelerate the leaching of BPA from food containers.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Do not freeze.</strong> Only put plastics in the freezer if they have a freezer-safe label. Freezer temperatures can cause plastics to deteriorate, which increases the leaching of chemicals into the food when you take containers out of the freezer to thaw or reheat.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Don’t panic.</strong> Cutting down on exposure to potentially harmful chemicals in plastics can benefit your health. But as Dr. Halden reminds us, “Many things in your life pose a much higher risk than exposure to plastics, such as smoking, poor diet and even driving a car.”</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em;">Essentia Organic Chemistry, Paula Y. Bruice </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.healthsynergyrx.com/plastic-container-safety-understanding-plastic-labeling-numbers.html" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.3em;" target="_blank">Spine Health, Plastic Container Safety – Understanding Plastic Labeling Numbers</a></div>
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Cancer is associated with rapidly growing and proliferating cells . Because cells cannot multiply if they cannot synthesize DNA, several cancer chemotherapeutic agents have been developed to inhibit thymidylate synthase. If a cell cannot make thymidine( T ), it cannot synthesize DNA.</div>
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A common anticancer drug that inhibits thymidylate synthase is 5-fluorouracil. The enzyme reacts with 5-fluorouracil the same way it reacts with uracil. However, the fluorine substituent causes 5-fluorouracil to become permanently attached to the enzyme (because the base cannot remove a F+ in an elimination reaction) , blocking the active site of the enzyme so it can no longer bind uracil. Therefore, thymidine can on longer be synthesized , and without thymidine, DNA cannot be synthesized.</div>
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Unfortunately, most anticancer drugs cannot discriminate between diseased and normal cells. As a result, cancer chemotherapy is accompanied by terrible side affects. However, cancer cells undergo uncontrolled cell division; thus, because they are dividing more rapidly than normal cells, they are harder hit by cancer-fighting chemotheraputic agents.</div>
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Ref; Essentia Organic Chemistry, Paula Y. Bruice</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02234681750867436963noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-67943570502302311722014-01-17T22:36:00.000+02:002015-02-21T17:19:49.270+02:00The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Henrietta Lacks</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> (August 1, 1920 – October 4, 1951)</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> (sometimes erroneously called </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Henrietta Lakes</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Helen Lane</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> or </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Helen Larson</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">) was an </span>African-American<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> woman who was the <b>unwitting source of </b></span><b>cells</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> (from her </span>cancerous<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span>tumor<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">) which were </span>cultured<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Otto_Gey" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="George Otto Gey">George Otto Gey</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> to create the first known human </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalised_cell_line" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Immortalised cell line">immortal cell line</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> for </span>medical research<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">. This is now known as the </span>HeLa<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> cell line.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">A </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">HeLa cell</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, is a </span>cell<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> type in an </span>immortal cell line<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> The line was derived from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> cells taken on February 8, 1951,</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> from </span>Henrietta Lacks<span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">, a patient who eventually died of her cancer on October 4, 1951. The cell line was found to be remarkably durable and prolific as illustrated by its contamination of many other cell lines used in research.</span><br />
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An <b>immortalised cell line</b> is a population of cells from a multicellular organism which would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_senescence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cellular senescence">cellular senescence</a> and instead can keep undergoing division. The cells can therefore be grown for prolonged periods <i>in vitro</i>. The mutations required for immortality can occur naturally or be intentionally induced for experimental purposes. Immortal cell lines are a very important tool for research into the biochemistry and cell biology of multicellular organisms. Immortalised cell lines have also found uses in biotechnology.</div>
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An immortalised cell line should not be confused with stem cells, which can also divide indefinitely, but form a normal part of the development of a multicellular organism.</div>
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<b>Senescence </b>is<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span><b style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">biological aging</b><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> is the process of accumulative changes to molecular and cellular structure that disrupts </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> with the passage of time, resulting in deterioration and eventually bringing about </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Death">death</a><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span></div>
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On January 29, 1951, Lacks went to Johns Hopkins Hospital because she felt a knot inside her. She had told her cousins about the knot; they assumed correctly that she was pregnant. But, after giving birth to her fifth child, Joseph, Henrietta started bleeding abnormally and profusely. Her local doctor tested her for syphilis, which came back negative, and referred her to Johns Hopkins.</div>
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Johns Hopkins was their only choice for a hospital since it was the only one in proximity to them that treated black patients. Howard Jones, her new doctor, examined Henrietta and the lump in her cervix. He cut off a small part of the tumor and sent it to the pathology lab. Soon after, Lacks learned she had a malignant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">epidermoid carcinoma</a> of the cervix.</div>
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Lacks was treated with radium tube inserts, which were sewn in place. After several days in place, the tubes were removed and she was released from Johns Hopkins with instructions to return for X-ray treatments as a follow-up. During her radiation treatments for the tumor, two samples of Henrietta's cervix were removed—a healthy part and a cancerous part—without her permission. The cells from her cervix were given to Dr. George Otto Gey. These cells would eventually become the HeLa immortal cell line.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">In significant pain and without improvement, Lacks returned to Hopkins on August 8 for a treatment session, but asked to be admitted. She remained at the hospital until the day of her death.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="line-height: 10.82386302947998px;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Though she received treatment and blood transfusions, she died of </span></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uremic_poisoning" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Uremic poisoning">uremic poisoning</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> on October 4, 1951, at the age of thirty-one.</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> A subsequent partial </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">showed that the cancer had </span></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasized" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Metastasized">metastasized</a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;"> throughout her entire body</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ZtcLmJpvfQE6IwetKlQiMYpl434YKmR3DPEDiRLYunaTca5mIAaWix_ykR1lXd-rWMngMZX79wP5qxQu9YfO_rMt1aeiVaUzy9ge6h6PnXTV9yewzvxcxPTalwiGmy0ULCUm5YEAUYM/s1600/st_henrietta_f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_ZtcLmJpvfQE6IwetKlQiMYpl434YKmR3DPEDiRLYunaTca5mIAaWix_ykR1lXd-rWMngMZX79wP5qxQu9YfO_rMt1aeiVaUzy9ge6h6PnXTV9yewzvxcxPTalwiGmy0ULCUm5YEAUYM/s1600/st_henrietta_f.jpg" height="154" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks</span></a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalised_cell_line"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortalised_cell_line</span></a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_senescence#Cellular_senescence"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_senescence#Cellular_senescence</span></a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeLa</span></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-9624375290219163732013-12-08T20:52:00.002+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.934+02:00Sofosbuvir<b>Sofosbuvir</b> (brand names <b>Sovaldi</b> and <b>Virunon</b>) is a drug used for hepatitis C, with a high cure rate.<br />
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It inhibits the RNA polymerase that the hepatitis C virus uses to replicate its RNA.<br />
It was discovered at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmasset" title="Pharmasset">Pharmasset</a> and then acquired for development by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences" title="Gilead Sciences">Gilead Sciences</a>.<br />
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On 6<sup>th</sup> December 2013, the U.S. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> approved Sovaldi for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C.<br />
<br />
Sofosbuvir will cost $84,000 for 12 weeks of treatment used for
genotype 1 and 2, and $168,000 for the 24 weeks used for genotype 3.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPAn4wW-sLhlkbZe6sKKIyMp5lrxxFP3AbBXUis8fFKzLXG9e6wsB5gZ_Z4VWYu6zMPqMk_vaUswdz53_XfF4bqaglbmguRo6nPhrjq9Ne6iXQc28PVtGBqSI_WTuy3fXcv-nGWk40-E/s1600/512px-PSI-7977.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPAn4wW-sLhlkbZe6sKKIyMp5lrxxFP3AbBXUis8fFKzLXG9e6wsB5gZ_Z4VWYu6zMPqMk_vaUswdz53_XfF4bqaglbmguRo6nPhrjq9Ne6iXQc28PVtGBqSI_WTuy3fXcv-nGWk40-E/s1600/512px-PSI-7977.svg.png" height="205" width="320" /></a></div>
<b><span class="mw-headline" id="Mechanism_of_Action">Mechanism of Action</span></b><br />
Sofosbuvir is a prodrug that is metabolized to the active antiviral agent <i>2'-deoxy-2'-α-fluoro-β-C-methyluridine-5'-monophosphate</i>. Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide analogue inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase. The HCV polymerase or NS5B protein is a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase critical for the viral cycle.<br />
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<b><span class="mw-headline" id="Clinical_studies">Clinical studies</span></b><br />
Sofosbuvir is being studied in combination with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegylated_interferon" title="Pegylated interferon">pegylated interferon</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribavirin" title="Ribavirin">ribavirin</a>, with ribavirin alone, and with other direct-acting antiviral agents.
It has shown excellent clinical efficacy when used either with
pegylated interferon/ribavirin or in interferon-free combinations. In
particular, combinations of sofosbuvir with NS5A inhibitors, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daclatasvir" title="Daclatasvir">daclatasvir</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS-5885" title="GS-5885">GS-5885</a>, have shown sustained virological response rates of up to 100% in people infected with HCV.<br />
<br />
Data from the ELECTRON trial showed that a dual interferon-free
regimen of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin produced a 24-week post-treatment
sustained virological response (SVR24) rate of 100% for previously
untreated patients with HCV genotypes 2 or 3.<br />
<br />
Data presented at the 20th Conference on Retroviruses and
Opportunistic Infections in March 2013 showed that a triple regimen of
sofosbuvir, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledipasvir" title="Ledipasvir">ledipasvir</a>,
and ribavirin produced a 12-week post-treatment sustained virological
response (SVR12) rate of 100% for both treatment-naive patients and
prior non-responders with HCV genotype 1. Gilead has developed a sofosbuvir + ledipasvir coformulation that is being tested with and without ribavirin.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofosbuvir" target="_blank">Sofosbuvir - wikipedia</a><br />
<a href="http://www.drugs.com/sovaldi.html" target="_blank">Sovaldi - Drugs.com</a><br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-60522731771600576372013-11-26T03:36:00.000+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.896+02:00ACC/AHA Publish New Guideline for Management of Blood Cholesterol<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfGdXlmSMtBvXbmUL_m_yyHr16C9eHbkEpnjkxZI38s-N4tQ3VTdLwqnDEC7OFpHlot7NbD18LRtTRSVsF9728RYD0Yb59runPdccVQHvj0DaoqmXyM0MF3QqLccpVHbaMfQ8QZTVrkwU/s1600/BWAttachment569750-9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfGdXlmSMtBvXbmUL_m_yyHr16C9eHbkEpnjkxZI38s-N4tQ3VTdLwqnDEC7OFpHlot7NbD18LRtTRSVsF9728RYD0Yb59runPdccVQHvj0DaoqmXyM0MF3QqLccpVHbaMfQ8QZTVrkwU/s1600/BWAttachment569750-9.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></div>
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(Nov. 12, 2013) — The American College of Cardiology and the American
Heart Association today released a new clinical practice guideline for
the treatment of blood cholesterol in people at high risk for
cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis, or hardening and
narrowing of the arteries, that can lead to heart attack, stroke or
death.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The guideline identifies four major groups of patients for whom
cholesterol-lowering HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, have the
greatest chance of preventing stroke and heart attacks. The guideline
also emphasizes the importance of adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle to
prevent and control high blood cholesterol.</div>
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“The new guideline uses the highest quality scientific evidence to focus
treatment of blood cholesterol on those likely to benefit most,” said
Neil J. Stone, MD, Bonow professor of medicine at Northwestern
University Feinberg School of Medicine and chair of the expert panel
that wrote the new guideline. “This guideline represents a departure
from previous guidelines because it doesn’t focus on specific target
levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, commonly known as LDL, or
‘bad cholesterol,’ although the definition of optimal LDL cholesterol
has not changed. Instead, it focuses on defining groups for whom LDL
lowering is proven to be most beneficial.”</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The new guideline recommends moderate- or high-intensity statin therapy for these four groups:</div>
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• Patients who have cardiovascular disease; </div>
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• Patients with an LDL, or “bad” cholesterol level of 190 mg/dL or higher;</div>
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• Patients with Type 2 diabetes who are between 40 and 75 years of age; and</div>
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• Patients with an estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease of
7.5 percent or higher who are between 40 and 75 years of age (the report
provides formulas for calculating 10-year risk).</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
In terms of clinical practice, physicians can use risk assessment tools
in some cases to determine which patients would most likely benefit from
statin therapy, rather than focusing only on blood cholesterol to
determine which patients would benefit.</div>
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“The likely impact of the recommendations is that more people who would
benefit from statins are going to be on them, while fewer people who
wouldn’t benefit from statins are going to be on them,” Dr. Stone said.
Doctors may also consider switching some patients to a higher dose of
statins to derive greater benefit as a result of the new guidelines. </div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The guideline was prepared by a panel of experts based on an analysis of
the results of randomized controlled trials. The panel was charged with
guiding the optimal treatment of blood cholesterol to address the
rising rate of cardiovascular disease, currently the leading cause of
death and disability in the U.S.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The panel chose to focus on the use of statins after a detailed review
of other cholesterol-lowering drugs. “Statins were chosen because their
use has resulted in the greatest benefit and the lowest rates of safety
issues. No other cholesterol-lowering drug is as effective as statins,”
said Dr. Stone. He added that there is a role for other
cholesterol-lowering drugs, for example, in patients who suffer side
effects from statins.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The report also stresses the importance of lifestyle in managing
cholesterol and preventing heart disease. “The cornerstone of all
guidelines dealing with cholesterol is a healthy lifestyle,” said Dr.
Stone. “That is particularly important in the young, because preventing
high cholesterol later in life is the first and best thing someone can
do to remain heart-healthy. On the other hand, if someone already has
atherosclerosis, lifestyle changes alone are not likely to be enough to
prevent heart attack, stroke, and death, and statin therapy will be
necessary.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In addition to identifying patients most likely to benefit from statins,
the guideline outlines the recommended intensity of statin therapy for
different patient groups. Rather than use a “lowest is best” approach
that combines a low dose of a statin drug along with several other
cholesterol-lowering drugs, the panel found that it can be preferable to
focus instead on a healthy lifestyle along with a higher dose of
statins, eliminating the need for additional medications.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“The focus for years has been on getting the LDL low,” said Dr. Stone.
“Our guidelines are not against that. We’re simply saying how you get
the LDL low is important. Considering all the possible treatments, we
recommend a heart-healthy lifestyle and statin therapy for the best
chance of reducing your risk of stroke or heart attack in the next 10
years.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The guidelines are intended to serve as a starting point for clinicians.
Some patients who do not fall into the four major categories may also
benefit from statin therapy, a decision that will need to be made on a
case-by-case basis.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The expert panel that wrote the report was convened by the National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health.
At the invitation of the NHLBI, the American Heart Association and
American College of Cardiology assumed the joint governance, management
and publication of this guideline, along with four other prevention
guidelines, in June. Committee members volunteered their time and were
required to disclose all healthcare-related relationships, including
those existing one year before the initiation of the writing project.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The full text of the report, “2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of
Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in
Adults,” will be published in future print issues of the of the Journal
of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart
Association’s journal Circulation. It will also be accessible on
the ACC
(<a href="http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002">http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.002</a>)
website and AHA
(<a href="http://circ.ahajournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a">http://circ.ahajournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1161/01.cir.0000437738.63853.7a</a>).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For more information, visit <a href="http://www.cardiosource.org/">www.cardiosource.org</a>.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-28028869505817965582013-11-24T20:55:00.002+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.841+02:00 Why are Generic Drugs so Cheap ?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='480' height='399' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/pJWKzkoJj9s?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-75850733197060098702013-10-23T03:30:00.003+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.917+02:00Generic Substitution of Drugs<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/QCBzSEO3s30" width="459"></iframe></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-75368452308944024932013-10-14T23:59:00.001+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.913+02:00Gout Diet<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkc9GY49kZ4nBsamHVQcQj7j5d_VPvjsNltGjuLRe22yOGjoz1NnlVI59VdLL49LIuwmCCIoC6TH_Tj9Sp1DLjQJCbGUtd9gebwUY7MIe4NAq3U43HLMrXk_L9Vq7azKTvQi80uIP8efQ/s1600/gout2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkc9GY49kZ4nBsamHVQcQj7j5d_VPvjsNltGjuLRe22yOGjoz1NnlVI59VdLL49LIuwmCCIoC6TH_Tj9Sp1DLjQJCbGUtd9gebwUY7MIe4NAq3U43HLMrXk_L9Vq7azKTvQi80uIP8efQ/s1600/gout2.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">Gout, a painful form of arthritis, has long been associated with diet,
particularly overindulgence in meat, seafood and alcohol. As a result,
gout treatment used to include severe dietary restrictions, which made
the gout diet hard to stick to. Fortunately, newer medications to treat
gout have reduced the need for such a strict diet.
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
Newer diet recommendations resemble a healthy-eating plan recommended
for most people. Besides helping you maintain a healthy weight and avoid
several chronic diseases, this diet may contribute to better overall
management of your gout.</span><br />
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"></span> <br />
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Purpose</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
Gout occurs when high levels of uric acid in your blood cause crystals
to form and accumulate around a joint. Your body produces uric acid when
it breaks down purines. Purines occur naturally in your body, but you
also get them from eating certain foods, such as organ meats, anchovies,
herring, asparagus and mushrooms.
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
A gout diet helps to control the production and elimination of uric
acid, which may help prevent gout attacks or reduce their severity. The
diet isn't a treatment for gout, but may help you control your attacks.
Obesity also is a risk factor for gout, so losing weight can help you
lower your risk of attacks.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Diet details</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
A gout diet reduces your intake of foods that are high in purines, such
as animal products, which helps control your body's production of uric
acid. The diet also limits alcohol, particularly beer, which has been
linked to gout attacks. If you're overweight or obese, lose weight.
However, avoid fasting and rapid weight loss because these can promote a
gout attack. Drink plenty of fluids to help flush uric acid from your
body. Also avoid high-protein weight-loss diets, which can cause you to
produce too much uric acid (hyperuricemia).
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
To follow the diet:
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Limit meat, poultry and fish.</b> Animal proteins are
high in purine. Avoid or severely limit high-purine foods, such as organ
meats, herring, anchovies and mackerel. Red meat (beef, pork and lamb),
fatty fish and seafood (tuna, shrimp, lobster and scallops) are
associated with increased risk of gout. Because all meat, poultry and
fish contain purines, limit your intake to 4 to 6 ounces (113 to 170
grams) daily. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Cut back on fat.</b> Saturated fat lowers the body's
ability to eliminate uric acid. Choosing plant-based protein, such as
beans and legumes, and low-fat or fat-free dairy products will help you
cut down the amount of saturated fat in your diet. High-fat meals also
contribute to obesity, which is linked to gout.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Limit or avoid alcohol.</b> Alcohol interferes with
the elimination of uric acid from your body. Drinking beer, in
particular, has been linked to gout attacks. If you're having an attack,
avoid all alcohol. However, when you're not having an attack, drinking
one or two 5-ounce (148-milliliter) servings a day of wine is not likely
to increase your risk. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Limit or avoid foods sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup.</b>
Fructose is the only carbohydrate known to increase uric acid. It is
best to avoid beverages sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup, such as
soft drinks or juice drinks. Juices that are 100 percent fruit juice do
not seem to stimulate uric acid production as much.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Choose complex carbohydrates.</b> Eat more whole grains and fruits and vegetables and fewer refined carbohydrates, such as white bread, cakes and candy. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Choose low-fat or fat-free dairy products.</b> Some studies have shown that low-fat dairy products can help reduce the risk of gout. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Drink plenty of fluids, particularly water.</b> Fluids
can help remove uric acid from your body. Aim for 8 to 16 glasses a
day. A glass is 8 ounces (237 milliliter). There's also some evidence
that drinking four to six cups of coffee a day lowers gout risk in men.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>A sample menu<br />
</b>Here's a look at what you might eat during a typical day on a gout diet:
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
Breakfast
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Whole-grain, unsweetened cereal with skim or low-fat milk, topped with fresh fruit</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Whole-wheat toast with trans-free margarine</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">100 percent fruit juice</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Coffee</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
Lunch
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Lean meat, poultry or fish (2 to 3 ounces) sandwich on whole-wheat bread, with lettuce, tomato and low-fat spread</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Carrot and celery sticks, side salad or vegetable soup</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Fresh fruit, such as apple, orange or pear</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Skim or low-fat milk</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
Dinner
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Baked or roasted chicken (2 to 3 ounces)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Steamed vegetables</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Baked potato with low-fat sour cream</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Green salad with tomatoes and low-fat dressing</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Fresh fruit, such as berries or melon</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Nonalcoholic beverage, such as water or tea</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
Snacks can be added to this menu as long as you make healthy choices —
such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and occasional nuts — and
you are at a healthy weight or stay within your calorie limit. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Results</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
Following a gout diet can help you limit your body's uric acid
production and increase its elimination. It's not likely to lower the
uric acid concentration in your blood enough to treat your gout without
medication, but it may help decrease the number of attacks and limit
their severity.
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
Following the gout diet and limiting your calories — particularly if you
also add in moderate daily exercise, such as brisk walking — can also
improve your overall health by helping you achieve and maintain a
healthy weight. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Risks</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
The gout diet isn't that different from the healthy-eating patterns
recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Thus, the risks of
following the diet are few, if any. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Read more:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/gout-diet/MY01137" target="_blank">Gout diet: What's allowed, what's not | MayoClinic</a> </span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gout/Pages/Introduction.aspx" target="_blank">Gout | NHS Choices</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://diagnosisdiet.com/got-gout-but-love-meat/" target="_blank">Got Gout but Love Meat? » Diagnosis: Diet</a></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-44227669609740817242013-10-10T21:26:00.000+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.867+02:00Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.clearclinic.com/wp-content/uploads//2012/03/adhd_5-26jjfoj1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="http://www.clearclinic.com/wp-content/uploads//2012/03/adhd_5-26jjfoj1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
What is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most
common childhood brain disorders and can continue through adolescence
and adulthood. Symptoms include difficulty staying focused and paying
attention, difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity
(over-activity). These symptoms can make it difficult for a child with
ADHD to succeed in school, get along with other children or adults, or
finish tasks at home.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
What are the symptoms of ADHD in children?</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are the key behaviors of
ADHD. It is normal for all children to be inattentive, hyperactive, or
impulsive sometimes, but for children with ADHD, these behaviors are
more severe and occur more often. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
What causes ADHD?</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Scientists are not sure what causes ADHD, although many studies suggest
that genes play a large role. Like many other illnesses, ADHD probably
results from a combination of factors. In addition to genetics,
researchers are looking at possible environmental factors, and are
studying how brain injuries, nutrition, and the social environment might
contribute to ADHD. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
How is ADHD treated?</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Currently available treatments aim at reducing the symptoms of ADHD and
improving functioning. Treatments include medication, various types of
psychotherapy, education and training, or a combination of treatments. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
Medications</h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines are the most common type of medication used for treating ADHD. Although it may seem counterintuitive to treat hyperactivity with a stimulant, these medications actually activate brain circuits that support attention and focused behavior, thus reducing hyperactivity. In addition, a few non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine, are also available. For many children, ADHD medications reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity and improve their ability to focus, work, and learn. Medications also may improve physical coordination. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG1mhyjkfhgnifpeUWWA6GL1zWW_9UQ_40sf2geSFq-BJrx-eejVr2s-LXtenFzy03nz7ZGIIBK2BMNMloWGBeM97Y0E5bX4yiSwzQWifWnEFjrMqfVQno1MCjdPlu0XR4gxnQqrgw3YE/s1600/adhd_infographic_large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG1mhyjkfhgnifpeUWWA6GL1zWW_9UQ_40sf2geSFq-BJrx-eejVr2s-LXtenFzy03nz7ZGIIBK2BMNMloWGBeM97Y0E5bX4yiSwzQWifWnEFjrMqfVQno1MCjdPlu0XR4gxnQqrgw3YE/s640/adhd_infographic_large.jpg" width="444" /></a></div>
<a href="http://www.empoweringparents.com/blog/adhd-add/disorder-or-difference-new-studys-says-adhd-kids-have-dimmer-prospects/">http://www.empoweringparents.com/blog/adhd-add/disorder-or-difference-new-studys-says-adhd-kids-have-dimmer-prospects/</a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.chadd.org/Understanding-ADHD.aspx">http://www.chadd.org/Understanding-ADHD.aspx </a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder</a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/index.shtml">http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/index.shtml </a></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
mhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04087061735404311529noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-54868414365425126662013-10-08T05:04:00.000+02:002014-07-20T05:34:37.454+02:00Male Period (Irritable male syndrome)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The irritable male syndrome (IMS) is a behavioural state of nervousness,
irritability, lethargy and depression that occurs in adult male mammals
following withdrawal of testosterone (T). The negative mood state has
been described in men following withdrawal of androgens and is a
striking feature in male seasonally breeding mammals associated with the
end of the mating season.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b>IMS in humans</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In humans, irritable male syndrome is referred to as the andropause, <br /> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Andropause: The Male Menopause</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Andropause, also known as the <b>male menopause</b>, is
the result of a gradual drop in testosterone and DHEA which
are androgens, giving the condition its name. When men get into
their early 30s, they begin to gradually start decreasing testosterone
levels at a rate of one to two percent a year. It is estimated
approximately 4-5 million men have symptoms of low/low-normal
testosterone levels and only 5-10% of these men will seek
treatment.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Based on World Health Organization (WHO) data,
it was found that the testosterone levels in most 70 year old
men were 10 percent of the level in males in their early 20s.
By early 40s, men can start experiencing symptoms of andropause.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHUS1I6VrfJRnH0M1DYw-nW2UzdMELewoFY3CRBQB-zVIeOJev5hNNwkjnUgUQE9T56lJwfbSkUQ4Ezs3CZv6SeR7lB2mNHrlCQX7NAXSfjNrEKkjiLYIPnvTRBatobfABy2Xwb1PQdTc/s1600/aboutAndroChart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHUS1I6VrfJRnH0M1DYw-nW2UzdMELewoFY3CRBQB-zVIeOJev5hNNwkjnUgUQE9T56lJwfbSkUQ4Ezs3CZv6SeR7lB2mNHrlCQX7NAXSfjNrEKkjiLYIPnvTRBatobfABy2Xwb1PQdTc/s1600/aboutAndroChart.jpg" height="246" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="color: blue;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b>The symptoms of andropause (Irritable Male Syndrome):</b></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>• Weight gain</li>
<li>• Sleep apnea</li>
<li>• Memory loss</li>
<li>• Diminished libido</li>
<li>• Erectile dysfunction</li>
<li>• Muscle loss</li>
<li>• Depression</li>
<li>• Fatigue </li>
</ul>
The
risks and benefits of testosterone replacement need to be
evaluated by a qualified medical provider. It is a very individualized
treatment based on labs, signs and symptoms. <strong> </strong><br />
<strong> </strong><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><strong>Treatment Options</strong></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The following treatments have been found to be effective.</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy" title="Androgen replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-isbn1-58890-296-X_22-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andropause#cite_note-isbn1-58890-296-X-22"><span></span><span></span></a></sup></li>
<li>Exercise, dietary changes, stress reduction <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-isbn1-58890-296-X_22-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andropause#cite_note-isbn1-58890-296-X-22"><span></span><span></span></a></sup></li>
<li>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">Selective androgen receptor modulators</a>.<strong></strong><span style="color: white;"> </span>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><span style="background-color: blue;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;">Avoiding Irritable Male Syndrome</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>In order to help balance
hormone levels and avoid irritable male syndrome, men should try to eat a
well-balanced diet. Men should try to breakdown their diet in the
following manner to help balance their hormone cycle:</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>25 percent fat
</li>
<li>35 percent low glycemic carbohydrates (carbohydrates that are digested slowly and that do not cause insulin levels to spike)
</li>
<li>40 percent protein. </li>
</ul>
<b>In the future I will talk in details about food and diseases </b><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ref</b>: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999307">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999307</a> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.desertsierramedical.com/services/bihr/hrt-for-men">http://www.desertsierramedical.com/services/bihr/hrt-for-men</a> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100522141934/http://www.healthtree.com/articles/pms/basics/male-pms.php">http://web.archive.org/web/20100522141934/http://www.healthtree.com/articles/pms/basics/male-pms.php</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_male_syndrome"><span style="font-size: x-small;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_male_syndrome</span></a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-19595833155127630032013-10-04T03:17:00.002+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.830+02:00Drug Substitutions, Definitions<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhycZhyEAx7EcX92GX7S1vkdfwl9VYWetAgiz7Jf-o5kwBiYAN6MhEQCKzjyGKxh2M4wS6t1-Z5QizqMNIVvnMelEMq_InYIKItf760NQhmv4hfODIGGpP9hBNNdbeR17Ck3C_wHE0cYBY/s1600/img.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhycZhyEAx7EcX92GX7S1vkdfwl9VYWetAgiz7Jf-o5kwBiYAN6MhEQCKzjyGKxh2M4wS6t1-Z5QizqMNIVvnMelEMq_InYIKItf760NQhmv4hfODIGGpP9hBNNdbeR17Ck3C_wHE0cYBY/s1600/img.png" height="177" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Pharmaceutical equivalents:</b></span><br />are drug products that have identical:</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>active drug ingredient (same salt, ester, or chemical form)</li>
<li>strength or concentration</li>
<li>dosage form</li>
<li>route of administration</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
but may differ in: color, shape, packaging, excipents, preservatives, expiration time, and labeling</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Bioequivalent drug products:</b></span><br />are pharmaceutical equivalents that have similar bioavilability when given in the same dose and studied under similar experimental conditions</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />some drugs may be considered bioequivalent that are equal in the extent of absorption but not in the rate of absorption</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />this is possible if the difference in the rate of absorption is considered clinically insignificant, for example, for drugs for chronic use.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />two products are considered bioequivalent if the 90% CI of the relative mean Cmax, AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) of the test (e.g. generic formulation) to reference (e.g. innovator brand formulation) should be within 80.00% to 125.00% <br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Generic substitution:</b></span><br />the process of dispensing a different drug product in place of prescribed drug product<br />the substituted drug product contains the same active ingredient or therapeutic moiety as the same salt or ester in the same dosage form but is made by a different manufacturer<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Automatic Generic Substitution:</b></span><br />means that the pharmacist may dispense either the prescribed product, or they may replace it with a generic or another brand without being required to inform the patient or healthcare professional.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />this can not be applied to NTI-drugs "narrow therapeutic index drugs" as patients might receive a generic medicine with effectively 25% more active ingredient than the branded medicine on one occasion and one with effectively 20% less active ingredient on the next, with NTI-drugs this may be lethal<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Pharmaceutical alternative:</b></span><br />are drug products that contain same therapeutic moiety but as different salts, esters, or complexes. e.g. tetracycline phosphate or tetracycline HCl equivalent to 250mg tetracycline base are considered Pharmaceutical alternatives</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />different dosage forms and strengths within a product line by a single manufacturer are also considered Pharmaceutical alternatives. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
e.g. an extended-release dosage form and a standard immediate release dosage form of the same active ingredient. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
e.g. ampicillin suspension and ampicillin capsule<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Therapeutic alternatives:</b></span><br />are drug products containing different active ingredients that are indicated for the same therapeutic or clinical objectives</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />active ingredients in the therapeutic alternatives are from the same pharmacological class and are expected to have the same therapeutic effect when administered to patients for such condition of use<br /> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
for example, ibuprofen is given instead of aspirin; cimetidine may be given instead of ranitidine<br /> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
............. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Main Ref: Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics, Dr.Hanan Refai, MUST, 2011 </span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-7966649626400442872013-09-28T07:05:00.001+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.927+02:00The Inner Life Of Cell<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-2606555088152089192013-09-28T05:23:00.000+02:002015-02-21T17:19:49.189+02:00Alice in Wonderland syndrome<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1955, English psychiatrist <b>John Todd</b> (1914-1987) described <b>Alice in
Wonderland syndrome (AIWS)</b> as self-experienced paroxysmal body image
illusions involving distortions of the size, mass, or shape of the
patient's own body or its position in space, often occurring with
depersonalization and derealization.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJmdhLBN9g30h3MnLfbmLYC6hUJ8bHmwuXZuLZFJHpJN6fwaRyYw54dVxwdz92vHztPw4uyUUUSodprRNh-7ETQRmEmVJoEZ5LrCta6DulreIjTP1VL-pOGFqk83uMKTbQo3lJTSCOOmk/s1600/giantess_by_xdarkswordx-d572i4o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJmdhLBN9g30h3MnLfbmLYC6hUJ8bHmwuXZuLZFJHpJN6fwaRyYw54dVxwdz92vHztPw4uyUUUSodprRNh-7ETQRmEmVJoEZ5LrCta6DulreIjTP1VL-pOGFqk83uMKTbQo3lJTSCOOmk/s1600/giantess_by_xdarkswordx-d572i4o.jpg" height="400" width="262" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Todd named AIWS for the
<b>perceptual disorder</b> of altered body image experienced by the protagonist
in the novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), written by Lewis
Carroll (the pseudonym of Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
[1832-1898]), possibly based in part on Dodgson's own migrainous
experiences. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In the story, Alice followed a talking white rabbit down
a rabbit hole and then experienced several dramatic changes in her own
body size and shape (e.g., shrinking to 10 inches high, growing
unnaturally large, and growing unnaturally tall but not any wider). </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Although Todd's report was the most influential, Lippman provided an
earlier description in 1952. In Lippman's article, one of the patients
reported feeling short and wide as she walked, and referenced Alice's
Adventures in Wonderland in regard to her body image illusions,
referring to them as a "Tweedledum" or "Tweedledee" feeling. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For the AIWS sufferer, the eye components are entirely physically
normal. The AIWS involves a change in perception as opposed to a
malfunction of the eyes themselves. The hallmark sign of AIWS is a
migraine, and AIWS may in part be caused by the migraine. AIWS affects the sufferer's sense of vision, sensation, touch, and hearing, as well as one's own body image.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A prominent and often disturbing symptom is that of altered body
image: the sufferer may find that he or she is confused as to the size
and shape of parts of (or all of) his/her body. Alice in Wonderland
syndrome involves perceptual distortions of the size or shape of
objects. Other possible causes and/or signs of association with the
syndrome are migraines, use of hallucinogenic drugs, and infectious
mononucleosis. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Also, patients with certain neurological diseases have experienced similar visual hallucinations. These hallucinations are called "Lilliputian," which means that objects appear either smaller or larger than they actually are.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Patients may experience either micropsia or macropsia. Micropsia is
an abnormal visual condition, usually occurring in the context of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_hallucination" title="Visual hallucination">visual hallucination</a>, in which affected persons see objects as being smaller than those objects actually are. Macropsia is a condition where the individual sees everything larger than it actually is.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
One theory is that patients with Alice in Wonderland syndrome were
associated with infectious mononucleosis. Neuroimaging studies have not
revealed any link, and the relationship (if any) between the syndrome
and mononucleosis remains unknown.
One 17-year-old male described his odd symptoms. He said, "quite
suddenly objects appear small and distant (teliopsia) or large and close
(peliopsia). I feel as I am getting shorter and smaller "shrinking" and
also the size of persons are not longer than my index finger (a
lilliputian proportion). Sometimes I see the blind in the window or the
television getting up and down, or my leg or arm is swinging. I may hear
the voices of people quite loud and close or faint and far.
Occasionally, I experience attacks of migrainous headache associated
with eye redness, flashes of lights and a feeling of giddiness. I am
always conscious to the intangible changes in myself and my
environment." </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The eyes themselves are normal, but the sufferer 'sees' objects with
the wrong size or shape or finds that perspective is incorrect. This can
mean that people, cars, buildings, etc., look smaller or larger than
they should be, or that distances look incorrect; for example a corridor
may appear to be very long, or the ground may appear too close.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The sufferer may also lose a sense of time, a problem similar to the
lack of spatial perspective. That is, time seems to pass very slowly,
akin to an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>
experience. The lack of time, and space, perspective leads to a
distorted sense of velocity. For example, one could be inching along
ever so slowly in reality, yet it would seem as if one were sprinting
uncontrollably along a moving walkway, leading to severe, overwhelming
disorientation. This can then cause the sufferer to feel as if movement,
even within his or her own home, is futile.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In addition, some people may, in conjunction with a high fever,
experience more intense and overt hallucinations, seeing things that are
not there and misinterpreting events and situations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Other minor or less common symptoms may include loss of limb control
and general dis-coordination, memory loss, lingering touch and sound
sensations, and emotional experiences.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Treatment </b>is the same as that for other migraine prophylaxis: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium channel blockers</a>.
Chronic Alice In Wonderland Syndrome is untreatable and must wear
itself out. Rest is the prime treatment, but another effective therapy
is to join support groups to share experiences.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEt1XVt4iY08TB-c4z0wNQHHidCl0bgaw8kz_SqbGHFwE6ltFl7YTCdwgaAjTepj7IrB9rMf9XCoIsbyXzxn9v6fGiI7pBck0DLRwSCVeHPlZ1ye7u4oz-RmOW-CeFBvkdvA04q_uQrLY/s1600/Official-Alice-in-Wonderland-Movie-stills-johnny-depp-5877736-700-498.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEt1XVt4iY08TB-c4z0wNQHHidCl0bgaw8kz_SqbGHFwE6ltFl7YTCdwgaAjTepj7IrB9rMf9XCoIsbyXzxn9v6fGiI7pBck0DLRwSCVeHPlZ1ye7u4oz-RmOW-CeFBvkdvA04q_uQrLY/s1600/Official-Alice-in-Wonderland-Movie-stills-johnny-depp-5877736-700-498.jpg" height="282" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Read More: </div>
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446681" target="_blank">Alice in Wonderland Syndrome: somesthetic vs visual perceptual disturbance | PubMed</a><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" target="_blank">Alice in Wonderland syndrome | Wikipedia</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-65608866125298560552013-09-22T02:36:00.002+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.901+02:00Pseudoephedrine<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Pseudoephedrine-3d-CPK.png/800px-Pseudoephedrine-3d-CPK.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Pseudoephedrine-3d-CPK.png/800px-Pseudoephedrine-3d-CPK.png" height="137" width="200" /></a><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Pseudoephedrine ( </b></span></span><span style="color: red;"><b>Pseudo ephedrine )</b> (<b>PSE</b>)</span> is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It may be used as a nasal/sinus decongestant, as a stimulant,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoephedrine#cite_note-2"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> or as a wakefulness-promoting agent.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The salts <b>pseudoephedrine hydrochloride</b> and <b>pseudoephedrine sulfate</b> are found in many over-the-counter preparations, either as a single ingredient or (more commonly) in combination with antihistamines, guaifenesin, dextromethorphan, and/or paracetamol (acetaminophen) or another NSAID (such as aspirin or ibuprofen).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Pharmacokinetics. </b></span><br /><b>Distribution:</b> Distributes into breast milk. <br /><b>Metabolism:</b> Partially metabolized in the liver. <br /><b>Elimination:</b> Renal (55% to 75% as unchanged); acidic urine accelerates rate of excretion. <br /><b>Onset:</b> 15 to 30 min. <br /><b>Peak: </b>30 to 60 min.<br /><b>Duration:</b> 3 to 4 h; 8 to 12 h (extended-release).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b> </b><span style="color: red;"><br /><b>Dosage and Administration. </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Pseudoephedrine Sulfate</b></span><br /><b> Adults and Children older than 12 yr of age </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
PO 120 mg sustained-release every 12 h.<br /><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue;">Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride</span></b><br /><b>Adults </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzfmAwBLYWY20kPi2-XYndeL9T5Nh94CJHT0SbuNPOQX37GVQ6LfBbZtba0t-EZuMyId-IsxriwFKrj5ye6tMOCcwU0q7mKzaJJdj3ZWVgP2LhbkpYP-8epl6rnSin4hLHC_eaA1-PcsY/s1600/5022f74bdee37.image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzfmAwBLYWY20kPi2-XYndeL9T5Nh94CJHT0SbuNPOQX37GVQ6LfBbZtba0t-EZuMyId-IsxriwFKrj5ye6tMOCcwU0q7mKzaJJdj3ZWVgP2LhbkpYP-8epl6rnSin4hLHC_eaA1-PcsY/s1600/5022f74bdee37.image.jpg" height="320" width="202" /></a>PO 60 mg every 4 to 6 h or 120 mg sustained-release every 12 h. Not to exceed 240 mg/day.<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Children.</b> The BNFC states there is little evidence to support the use of systemic decongestants in children. However, the following oral doses of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride are suggested for children in the management of mucosal congestion of the upper respiratory tract:<br /><b>• 2 to 6 years: </b>15 mg 3 or 4 times daily<br /><b>• 6 to 12 years:</b> 30 mg 3 or 4 times daily, Not to exceed 120 mg/day.<br />Over-the-counter cough and cold preparations containing sympathomimetic decongestants (including pseudoephedrine) should be used with caution in children and <b>generally avoided in those under 2 years of age</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow;">Under <b>4 years</b> of age.
</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow;">Not approved by FDA because dosage not studied in this age range</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow;"></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow;"> </span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: yellow;"><b>Avoid multi-ingredient products in children under 6 years of age (AAP recommendations 10/2008) </b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Indications.</b></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>nasal congestion</li>
<li>sinus congestion</li>
<li>Eustachian tube congestion</li>
<li>vasomotor rhinitis</li>
<li>as an adjunct to other agents in the optimum treatment of allergic rhinitis, croup, sinusitis, otitis media, and tracheobronchitis.</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoephedrine#cite_note-Bicopoulos-11"><span></span></a>also used as a first-line prophylactic for recurrent priapism</li>
<li> urinary incontinence (off-label use) </li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Adverse effects.</b></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><b>Common adverse drug reactions</b> (ADRs) associated with pseudoephedrine therapy include: CNS stimulation, insomnia, nervousness, excitability, dizziness and anxiety. </li>
<li><b>Infrequent ADRs</b>: tachycardia or palpitations. </li>
<li><b>Rarely</b>, mydriasis (dilated pupils), hallucinations, arrhythmias, hypertension, seizures and ischemic colitis; as well as severe skin reactions known as <u>recurrent pseudo-scarlatina</u>, systemic contact dermatitis, and nonpigmenting <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_drug_eruption" title="Fixed drug eruption">fixed drug eruption</a>. </li>
<li>Pseudoephedrine, particularly <b>when combined</b> with other drugs including
narcotics, may also play a role in the precipitation of episodes of
<u>paranoid psychosis</u>. It has also been reported that pseudoephedrine, amongst other sympathomimetic agents, may be associated with the occurrence of <u>stroke</u>.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A child who suffered a generalised seizure after ingesting a large
quantity of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride tablets was believed to be the
first report of convulsions associated with overdose of a preparation
containing the drug as a single ingredient.<br /><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Clark RF, Curry SC. Pseudoephedrine dangers. Pediatrics 1990; 85: 389–90.</span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Precautions and contraindications.</b></span><br /><b>Not be used in patients with: </b></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>diabetes mellitus, </li>
<li>cardiovascular disease, </li>
<li>severe or uncontrolled hypertension, </li>
<li>severe coronary artery disease, </li>
<li>prostatic hypertrophy, </li>
<li>hyperthyroidism, </li>
<li>closed angle glaucoma, </li>
<li>pregnant women ( Category C ) .</li>
<li>Do not give to breast-feeding mothers.<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">A small, randomised, crossover study concluded that a single dose of 60 mg pseudoephedrine hydrochloride decreased 24-hour milk production by 24%. The authors of the study suggested that pseudoephedrine might be of benefit for suppressing excess milk production.3</span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i><div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>1.</b> American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 776–89. Correction. ibid.; 1029. </span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>2.</b> Findlay JWA, et al. Pseudoephedrine and triprolidine in plasma and breast milk of nursing mothers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 18: 901–6.</span><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>3.</b> Aljazaf K, et al. Pseudoephedrine: effects on milk production in women and estimation of infant exposure via breastmilk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 56: 18–24.</span></i></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Patients who are prone to <b><u>anxiety</u> </b>or <b><u>panic attacks</u>
</b> should use pseudoephedrine with caution, as anxiety and restlessness
are common side effects, mostly due to the drug's stimulant properties.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Since nasal congestion is considered to be a relatively minor illness, alternatives are preferred in patients with these conditions. Appropriate alternatives may include <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_%28medicine%29" title="Saline (medicine)">saline</a></b>
sprays/instillations, depending on the patient's condition. Topical
decongestants should be used with caution and for no longer than three
days to avoid <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinitis_medicamentosa" title="Rhinitis medicamentosa">rhinitis medicamentosa</a></b>.</div>
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Under 4 years of age. Not approved by FDA because dosage not studied in this age range <br />Avoid multi-ingredient products in children under 6 years of age (AAP recommendations 10/2008) </div>
<b> </b><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>Interactions.</b></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>Concomitant or recent (previous fourteen days) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">monoamine oxidase inhibitor</a> use can lead to hypertensive reactions, including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_crises" title="Hypertensive crises">hypertensive crises</a>.</li>
<li>
The antihypertensive effects of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">methyldopa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">mecamylamine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">reserpine</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veratrum_alkaloids" title="Veratrum alkaloids">veratrum alkaloids</a> may be reduced by sympathomimetics (pseudoephedrine ). </li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_antagonist" title="Beta-adrenergic antagonist">Beta-adrenergic antagonists</a>
may also interact with sympathomimetics. </li>
<li>Increase of ectopic pacemaker
activity can occur when pseudoephedrine is used concomitantly with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">digitalis</a>. </li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antacids" title="Antacids">Antacids</a> increase the rate of pseudoephedrine absorption, while <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolin" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a> decreases it.</li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Abuse.</b> </span></div>
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Acute <b>psychosis </b>and visual and tactile <b>hallucinations </b>have been reported in an 18-year-old male after intravenous misuse of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Pseudoephedrine has also been used for the illicit manufacture of street stimulants such as metamfetamine </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Sullivan G. Acute psychosis following intravenous abuse of pseudoephedrine: a case report. J Psychopharmacol 1996; 10: 324–5.</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Read More:</span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Martindale; The complete drug reference, 36th edition</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682619.html" target="_blank">Pseudoephedrine | MedlinePlus Drug Information</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" target="_blank">Pseudoephedrine | Wikipedia</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.drugs.com/ppa/pseudoephedrine-d-isoephedrine.html" target="_blank">Complete Pseudoephedrine (d-Isoephedrine) information from | Drugs.com</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.childrenscolorado.org/wellness/at_home/drugs/psuedoephedrine.aspx" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pseudoephedrine for Stuffy Nose - Children's Hospital Colorado-Denver Area, Rocky Mountain </span>Region</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-2091845623161983102013-09-15T02:01:00.003+02:002016-04-23T21:41:03.835+02:00Immunology VIII. TRANSPLANTATION<div style="text-align: justify;">
Transplantation is complicated by the antigenic differences between donor and recipient, the most important of which are antigenic differences in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" target="_blank">HLA</a> class I and class II molecules (also known as transplantation antigens).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLERoJjtafiVMGl3cYwumaZyZToGK9wMGGIT9dhgF6JaG7Yf44Qb2F9m7CtS-f5HSCXld2VyFPz1QH-a5mxj3CN0jVlNbz9bdWDR10JcFj5eW6oKXx9_6-DSCtLaSfgiYkNf510-zqG_E/s1600/Corbis-U1613033B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLERoJjtafiVMGl3cYwumaZyZToGK9wMGGIT9dhgF6JaG7Yf44Qb2F9m7CtS-f5HSCXld2VyFPz1QH-a5mxj3CN0jVlNbz9bdWDR10JcFj5eW6oKXx9_6-DSCtLaSfgiYkNf510-zqG_E/s1600/Corbis-U1613033B.jpg" height="260" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: red;">Autograft</span></u></b> is transplantation of tissue from one site to another on the same person, as might be used for the treatment of severe <u>burns</u>, and does not require immunosuppressive therapy. <span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Syngeneic</b></span> transplant (or <b><u><span style="color: red;">isograft</span></u></b>) is a transplant between genetically identical individuals and also does not require immunosuppressive treatment. </div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b><u>Allograft</u> </b></span>(or <span style="color: red;"><b>allogeneic </b></span>transplant) is a transplant between two genetically different individuals and often requires immunosuppressive therapy due to alloreactions (either graft rejection or graft versus host reaction, depending on the type of tissue transplanted).<br />
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Transfusion </b></span>is a form of “living transplant” whereby <b>blood </b>is removed from one person for infusion into another. Human erythrocytes lack HLA classes I and II molecules. Major antigenic determinants of erythrocytes include the <b>ABO glycolipids</b> and the <b>Rhesus (Rh)</b> erythrocyte antigens. </div>
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In routine <span style="color: blue;"><b>ABO</b></span> blood grouping, if antigens are absent from a person’s erythrocytes (A or B carbohydrates), then antibodies, usually IgM, that recognize those antigens naturally <u><b>develop due to structural similarities between the A and B carbohydrates and the carbohydrates present in gut bacteria</b></u>. As such, persons of blood type O would make anti-A and anti-B antibodies, whereas blood type AB would make neither set of antibodies. If the recipient of a blood transfusion is making antibodies that recognize antigens found on the transfused blood, then the newly transfused erythrocytes will be lysed by complement and phagocytes. Patients experience <u>fever</u> and <u>chills</u> associated with the hemolysis of the transfused blood. </div>
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The <span style="color: blue;"><b>Rh</b></span> blood antigen (most typically, the <b>D antigen</b>) is a <b><u>protein antigen</u></b>; Rh positive individuals have the protein antigen, and Rh-negative individuals do not. The production of antibodies does not occur until the D antigen is introduced into the body and recognized as foreign by Rh-negative individuals (<b><u>Rh immunization</u></b>). Anti-Rh antibodies are the leading cause of <b>HDN </b><a href="http://theamazingmedicine.blogspot.com/2013/08/immunology-v-hypersensitivities.html" target="_blank">"hemolytic disease of the newborn" (discussed before)</a>.</div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Transplantation of solid organs</b></span>. Common solid organ transplants are <b>kidney</b>, <b>heart–lung</b> (in combination or separately), <b>pancreas</b>, and <b>liver </b>(with or without intestine segment).<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b> Hyperacute rejection</b></span> is the result of preformed antibodies against ABO blood group antigens or HLA antigens. These preformed antibodies act with complement, which leads to<u> immediate destruction of the tissue</u> and <u>occlusion of the graft blood vessels</u>, usually within <u>minutes</u> or hours of transplantation. Once established, no treatment is available to reverse the effects.<br />
ABO incompatible kidney transplants have been successfully performed in investigational studies in Japan, Europe, and the United States by performing <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00507.x/full" target="_blank"><b>plasmaphoresis</b></a> of the recipient before and after transplantation.<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Acute rejection</b></span> is caused by effector T cells that are responding to HLA differences between donor and recipient. Acute rejection takes <u>days</u> to develop and can be reduced or prevented by the use of immunosuppressant drugs prior to and after transplantation.<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Chronic rejection</b></span> occurs <u>months</u> or years after transplantation and is characterized by a<u> gradual thickening of the vasculature of the transplanted tissue</u>. As the lumen of the vessel walls narrow, the blood supply to the grafted tissue is eventually reduced, causing ischemia and tissue death.<br />
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Matching of donor and recipient HLA class I and class II allotypes improves the outcome of organ transplantation. The need for HLA matching and immunosuppressive therapy varies with the organ transplanted. The <span style="color: #20124d;"><b>cornea</b> </span>of the eye can be transplanted without consideration of HLA type or immunosuppressive therapy because the cornea is not vascularized, and the immunological environment of the cornea suppresses inflammation. <span style="color: #20124d;"><b>Liver</b> </span>cells express very low levels of HLA class I and class II antigens. Good HLA match between donor and recipient for liver transplantation can reduce the incidence of acute rejection; however, it does not appear to influence the overall graft outcome. <span style="color: #20124d;"><b>Bone marrow</b> </span>transplantation is the most sensitive to HLA mismatches.<br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation</span> (<span style="color: blue;">bone marrow transplantation</span>). </b><br />
-Bone marrow transplantation is often used as a treatment for many genetic diseases that affect cells of the hematopoietic system, including many immunodeficiencies, and some cancer treatments, particularly those with immune system cancers.<br />
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-Hematopoietic stem cells are infused into the patient whose own bone marrow has been weakened or destroyed due to the immunodeficiency or cancer treatment. The grafted bone marrow cells repopulate the hematopoietic system of the recipient.<br />
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-Recipient rejection of the graft bone marrow is less of a concern because the recipient immune system is typically immunodeficient; however, the donor marrow is immunocompetent and can lead to <b><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001309.htm" target="_blank">graft versus host disease</a> (GVHD)</b>. In GVHD, mature T cells (TH or TC) that are present in the donor graft respond to the recipient HLA allotypes. The donor T-cell response can occur in any tissue, although the skin, intestines, and liver are principally involved.<br />
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-Almost all bone marrow transplant recipients experience some degree of GVHD, although the severity tends to correlate with the degree of HLA mismatch. In addition to reducing the incidence of GVHD, it is important that the donor and recipient match for at least one HLA class I and one HLA class II allotype in order to reconstitute the immune system.</div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span>Main Ref:</span></span> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span>Comprehensive Pharmacy Review </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Read More: <a href="http://www.who.int/topics/transplantation/en/" target="_blank">WHO | Transplantation</a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span><span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span> </span></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1780664071644261889.post-79777755624512774172013-09-12T23:06:00.001+02:002014-07-20T05:30:19.158+02:00Oxygen Injecting<div style="text-align: justify;">
Patients unable to breathe because of acute lung failure or an
obstructed airway need another way to get oxygen to their blood -- and
fast -- to avoid cardiac arrest and brain injury. A team led by
researchers at Boston Children's Hospital has designed tiny, gas-filled
microparticles that can be injected directly into the bloodstream to
quickly oxygenate the blood.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP8TycY_PL-aM9DdJn5L4fkGgJSsaZNGWGvhd1k1p7KHUrREwSoTfwPqe0-P0x9IezzvQkAW5BWdL0P6GIi_W_yPls2XdtrT33g7FhNPZArQ5_YLzvW_batoxEXUuLNSZYn8eaEDa5UZk/s1600/om.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP8TycY_PL-aM9DdJn5L4fkGgJSsaZNGWGvhd1k1p7KHUrREwSoTfwPqe0-P0x9IezzvQkAW5BWdL0P6GIi_W_yPls2XdtrT33g7FhNPZArQ5_YLzvW_batoxEXUuLNSZYn8eaEDa5UZk/s1600/om.jpeg" height="223" width="400" /></a></div>
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The microparticles consist of a single layer of lipids (fatty molecules)
that surround a tiny pocket of oxygen gas, and are delivered in a
liquid solution.</div>
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In a cover article in the June 27 issue of <i>Science Translational Medicine</i>,
John Kheir, MD, of the Department of Cardiology at Boston Children's
Hospital, and colleagues report that an infusion of these microparticles
into animals with low blood oxygen levels restored blood oxygen
saturation to near-normal levels, within seconds.</div>
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When the trachea was completely blocked -- a more dangerous "real
world" scenario -- the infusion kept the animals alive for 15 minutes
without a single breath, and reduced the incidence of cardiac arrest and
organ injury.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNrRlxbdEPAR1K32ENacynmaO2wSKrBVl3kgpU29c6SZTg-uiVvc8wR-4PlkqlyLwdfGTFq_d2l-owafVXAZ07pNyGXgfpSqUf1HqBEysmYPkgRKXNcBI0QlLcj3lc_3XuJuojB87CZ1o/s1600/oxygen_article2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNrRlxbdEPAR1K32ENacynmaO2wSKrBVl3kgpU29c6SZTg-uiVvc8wR-4PlkqlyLwdfGTFq_d2l-owafVXAZ07pNyGXgfpSqUf1HqBEysmYPkgRKXNcBI0QlLcj3lc_3XuJuojB87CZ1o/s1600/oxygen_article2.jpg" height="171" width="400" /></a></div>
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The microparticle solutions are portable and could stabilize patients
in emergency situations, buying time for paramedics, emergency
clinicians or intensive care clinicians to more safely place a breathing
tube or perform other life-saving therapies, says Kheir.</div>
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"This is a short-term oxygen substitute -- a way to safely inject
oxygen gas to support patients during a critical few minutes," he says.
"Eventually, this could be stored in syringes on every code cart in a
hospital, ambulance or transport helicopter to help stabilize patients
who are having difficulty breathing."</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFI55dFA-o-fae8YTRWdRnR0IrCP6jNWgEZcP-iZfeFWeV0PNVHW_DyCd6dc4Ex5xS0TYimemrKvdPuDMKAyoj_9rm1qzTuj_opYTyHCYEOmFXixsOLBWKFx2GoRYDkLcFMEheazaFDdo/s1600/47547_32a0270ee15322270d77a85eb15ea0b7_773761dd331368ea6ede9b347ba24cd8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFI55dFA-o-fae8YTRWdRnR0IrCP6jNWgEZcP-iZfeFWeV0PNVHW_DyCd6dc4Ex5xS0TYimemrKvdPuDMKAyoj_9rm1qzTuj_opYTyHCYEOmFXixsOLBWKFx2GoRYDkLcFMEheazaFDdo/s1600/47547_32a0270ee15322270d77a85eb15ea0b7_773761dd331368ea6ede9b347ba24cd8.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></a></div>
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The microparticles would likely only be administered for a short
time, between 15 and 30 minutes, because they are carried in fluid that
would overload the blood if used for longer periods, Kheir says.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Kheir also notes that the particles are different from blood
substitutes, which carry oxygen but are not useful when the lungs are
unable to oxygenate them. Instead, the microparticles are designed for
situations in which the lungs are completely incapacitated.</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='480' height='399' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/DNIXWF4-ToA?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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Read more:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://childrenshospital.org/newsroom/Site1339/mainpageS1339P892.html" target="_blank"> Injecting life-saving oxygen into a vein | Boston Children's Hospital</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120627142512.htm" target="_blank">Injecting Life-Saving Oxygen Into a Vein | ScienceDaily</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0